PMC

Measurements carried out to compare face and central incisors. Face: FH–face height, distance between nasion point (N) and menton base (M). FW1: maximum width of face, distance between right lateral tangent (RT) and left lateral tangent (LT). FW2: width of lower portion of face, at the height of the labial rima. Fa: angle determined by the tangent to the upper lateral face contour (ULT) and bi-pupillary line (BL). Fb: angle between the tangent to lateral lower contour (ILT) and the continuation of the line that determines FW2. Fab: angle formed by intersection of ULT and ILT. Incisor: TH: tooth height determined by the distance between the incisal tangent (IT) and the cervical tangent (CT). TW1: largest width of the incisor, distance between mesial tangent (MT) and distal tangent (DT). TW2: width of cervical third at the height of the limit of 1/3 of TH. Ta: angle determined by the tangent to the distal inciso-cervical contour (CIT) and by a virtual line parallel to the horizontal plane. Tb: angle formed by the tangent to the lateral cervical contour (CLT) and by the continuation of the line that determines TW2. Tab: angle formed by the intersection of CIT and CLT.

The symmetric and asymmetric beats of the Leishmania flagellum. (A–D) One example cell undergoing either (A,B) a symmetric tip-to-base flagellar beat or (C,D) an asymmetric base-to-tip ciliary beat visualised from a 400 Hz high-frame rate phase-contrast video. (A) The symmetric beat, plotted as a kymograph of tangent angle along the flagellum, automatically traced from the phase-contrast video. Yellow indicates clockwise tangent angles relative to the flagellum base, and cyan anticlockwise tangent angles. The waves during the symmetric beat propagate from the flagellum tip to its base (from top right to bottom left), alternating between waves with a negative tangent angle (labelled ‘−’) or a positive tangent angle (labelled ‘+’). Aberrant waves occasionally occur with a different frequency or with additional bends in the flagellum; one example is indicated. (B) Six frames illustrating the propagation of positive and negative tangent angle waves over one beat cycle. Phase-contrast images from the frames indicated with horizontal lines in A. (C) Kymograph of tangent angle for the asymmetric beat. The waves propagate from the flagellum base to its tip (from top left to bottom right), alternating between a wave for a power stroke (small tangent angles, negative in this example) and a wave for a recovery stroke (large tangent angles, positive in this example). (D) Six frames illustrating the power and recovery strokes over one beat cycle as indicated in C. (E) Top, plotted tangent angles at different distances along the flagellum for one symmetric tip-to-base beat cycle from the experiment in A,B. The mean tangent angle at each distance along the flagellum gives the static curvature of the flagellum, represented as the tangent angle, which is very near straight. Bottom, tangent angles with static curvature subtracted. (F) Average static curvature for many flagella undergoing tip-to-base beats (grey), and their mean. (G) Tangent angle plotted as in E, except for one asymmetric base-to-tip beat cycle from the experiment in C,D. (H) Average static curvature for many flagella undergoing base-to-tip beats (grey), and their mean.

PM–T distance: distance from the superior edge of pectoralis major to the tangent to the top of humeral head. PM–G distance: distance from the superior edge of pectoralis major to the superomedial tip of the GT. GT, greater tuberosity; PM–G, distance between the upper edge of pectoralis major and tangent to the top of humeral head; PM–T, distance between the superomedial tip of greater tuberosity and the upper edge of the pectoralis major tendon PM–T.

Cephalometric landmarks, reference planes, and linear parameters used for the evaluation of PPWT change. Landmarks: ANS, anterior nasal spine; PNS, posterior nasal spine; MSP, mid-point of soft palate (It is the intersection of PNS-U line and a line representing the maximum thickness of soft palate); U, tip of the soft palate; Go, gonion; Me, menton; SC₃, superior-anterior point of C₃ vertebra; IC₃, inferior-anterior point of C₃ vertebra. Reference planes: 1a. palatal plane (ANS-PNS); 2b. mandibular plane (Go-Me); 3c. anterior tangent to C₂ vertebra, tangent drawn along the anterior border of C₂ vertebra; 4d. long axis of the soft palate (PNS-U). Linear parameters: 1. PPWT1, the distance from the intersection point of palatal plane and posterior pharyngeal wall to the intersection point of palatal plane and anterior tangent of C₂ vertebra; 2. PPWT2, the distance from the intersection point of line parallel to the palatal plane passing through ‘MSP’ and the posterior pharyngeal wall to the intersection point of same line extended posteriorly and anterior tangent of C₂ vertebra. 3. PPWT3, the distance from the intersection point of line parallel to palatal plane passing through the ’U’ and the posterior pharyngeal wall to the intersection point of same line extended posteriorly and anterior tangent of C₂ vertebra; 4. PPWT4, the distance from the intersection point of the mandibular plane and posterior pharyngeal wall to the intersection point of the mandibular plane and anterior tangent of C₂ cervical vertebra; 5. PPWT5, the distance from the intersection point of line parallel to the mandibular plane passing through the superior-anterior point of C₃ vertebra and the posterior pharyngeal wall to superior-anterior point of C₃ vertebra; 6. PPWT6, the distance from the intersection point of line parallel to mandibular plane passing through the inferior-anterior point of C₃ vertebra and the posterior pharyngeal wall to inferior-anterior point of C₃ cervical vertebra.